Referenser

Här hittar du en förteckningar över alla referenser som ingår i Nationella riktlinjer för strokesjukvård.

  1. SBU. Att förebygga sjukdom med antioxidanter 1997:
  2. Rimm, EB, Stampfer, MJ. Antioxidants for vascular disease. Med Clin North Am. 2000; 84(1):239-49.
  3. Ness, AR. Commentary: Beyond beta-carotene-antioxidants and cardiovascular disease. Int J Epidemiol. 2001; 30(1):143-4.
  4. Toole, JF, Malinow, MR, Chambless, LE, Spence, JD, Pettigrew, LC, Howard, VJ, et al. Lowering homocysteine in patients with ischemic stroke to prevent recurrent stroke, myocardial infarction, and death: the Vitamin Intervention for Stroke Prevention (VISP) randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004; 291(5):565-75.
  5. Lonn, E, Yusuf, S, Arnold, MJ, Sheridan, P, Pogue, J, Micks, M, et al. Homocysteine lowering with folic acid and B vitamins in vascular disease. N Engl J Med. 2006; 354(15):1567-77.
  6. Bonaa, KH, Njolstad, I, Ueland, PM, Schirmer, H, Tverdal, A, Steigen, T, et al. Homocysteine lowering and cardiovascular events after acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2006; 354(15):1578-88.
  7. Wang, X, Qin, X, Demirtas, H, Li, J, Mao, G, Huo, Y, et al. Efficacy of folic acid supplementation in stroke prevention: a meta-analysis. Lancet. 2007; 369(9576):1876-82.
  8. Hooper, L, Thompson, RL, Harrison, RA, Summerbell, CD, Moore, H, Worthington, HV, et al. Omega 3 fatty acids for prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004; (4):CD003177.
  9. He, K, Song, Y, Daviglus, ML, Liu, K, Van Horn, L, Dyer, AR, et al. Accumulated evidence on fish consumption and coronary heart disease mortality: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Circulation. 2004; 109(22):2705-11.
  10. He, K, Song, Y, Daviglus, ML, Liu, K, Van Horn, L, Dyer, AR, et al. Fish consumption and incidence of stroke: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Stroke. 2004; 35(7):1538-42.
  11. SBU. Fetma - problem och åtgärder. En systematisk litteraturöversikt. 2002:160
  12. Calle, EE, Thun, MJ, Petrelli, JM, Rodriguez, C, Heath, CW, Jr. Body-mass index and mortality in a prospective cohort of U.S. adults. N Engl J Med. 1999; 341(15):1097-105.
  13. Garrison, RJ, Castelli, WP. Weight and thirty-year mortality of men in the Framingham Study. Ann Intern Med. 1985; 103(6 ( Pt 2)):1006-9.
  14. Manson, JE, Colditz, GA, Stampfer, MJ, Willett, WC, Rosner, B, Monson, RR, et al. A prospective study of obesity and risk of coronary heart disease in women. N Engl J Med. 1990; 322(13):882-9.
  15. Stevens, J, Cai, J, Pamuk, ER, Williamson, DF, Thun, MJ, Wood, JL. The effect of age on the association between body-mass index and mortality. N Engl J Med. 1998; 338(1):1-7.
  16. Lee, CD, Blair, SN, Jackson, AS. Cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition, and all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in men. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999; 69(3):373-80.
  17. Bjorntorp, P. Visceral obesity: a "civilization syndrome". Obes Res. 1993; 1(3):206-22.
  18. Sjostrom, LV. Mortality of severely obese subjects. Am J Clin Nutr. 1992; 55(2 Suppl):516S-23S.
  19. Yusuf, S, Hawken, S, Ounpuu, S, Bautista, L, Franzosi, MG, Commerford, P, et al. Obesity and the risk of myocardial infarction in 27,000 participants from 52 countries: a case-control study. Lancet. 2005; 366(9497):1640-9.
  20. Nilsson, PM, Nilsson, JA, Hedblad, B, Berglund, G, Lindgarde, F. The enigma of increased non-cancer mortality after weight loss in healthy men who are overweight or obese. J Intern Med. 2002; 252(1):70-8.
  21. Goldstein, DJ. Beneficial health effects of modest weight loss. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1992; 16(6):397-415.
  22. Report of a WHO consultation. Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 2000; 894:i-xii, 1-253.
  23. Knowler, W, Barrett-Connor, E, Fowler, S, Hamman, R, Lachin, J, Walker, E, et al. Reduction in the Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes with Lifestyle Intervention or Metformin. N Engl J Med. 2002; 346(6):393-403.
  24. Pan, XR, Li, GW, Hu, YH, Wang, JX, Yang, WY, An, ZX, et al. Effects of diet and exercise in preventing NIDDM in people with impaired glucose tolerance. The Da Qing IGT and Diabetes Study. Diabetes Care. 1997; 20(4):537-44.
  25. Tuomilehto, J, Lindstrom, J, Eriksson, JG, Valle, TT, Hamalainen, H, Ilanne-Parikka, P, et al. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med. 2001; 344(18):1343-50.
  26. Eriksson, KF, Lindgarde, F. No excess 12-year mortality in men with impaired glucose tolerance who participated in the Malmo Preventive Trial with diet and exercise. Diabetologia. 1998; 41(9):1010-6.
  27. Padwal, R, Li, SK, Lau, DC. Long-term pharmacotherapy for obesity and overweight. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004; (3):CD004094.
  28. Curioni, C, Andre, C. Rimonabant for overweight or obesity. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006; (4):CD006162.
  29. Sjostrom, L, Narbro, K, Sjostrom, CD, Karason, K, Larsson, B, Wedel, H, et al. Effects of bariatric surgery on mortality in Swedish obese subjects. N Engl J Med. 2007; 357(8):741-52.
  30. SBU. Måttligt förhöjt blodtryck. En systematisk litteraturöversikt. 2007:170
  31. Lewington, S, Clarke, R, Qizilbash, N, Peto, R, Collins, R. Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet. 2002; 360(9349):1903-13.
  32. Hansson, L, Zanchetti, A, Carruthers, SG, Dahlof, B, Elmfeldt, D, Julius, S, et al. Effects of intensive blood-pressure lowering and low-dose aspirin in patients with hypertension: principal results of the Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) randomised trial. HOT Study Group. Lancet. 1998; 351(9118):1755-62.
  33. Psaty, BM, Lumley, T, Furberg, CD, Schellenbaum, G, Pahor, M, Alderman, MH, et al. Health outcomes associated with various antihypertensive therapies used as first-line agents: a network meta-analysis. JAMA. 2003; 289(19):2534-44.
  34. Turnbull, F. Effects of different blood-pressure-lowering regimens on major cardiovascular events: results of prospectively-designed overviews of randomised trials. Lancet. 2003; 362(9395):1527-35.
  35. Lindholm, LH, Carlberg, B, Samuelsson, O. Should beta blockers remain first choice in the treatment of primary hypertension? A meta-analysis. Lancet. 2005; 366(9496):1545-53.
  36. Carlberg, B, Samuelsson, O, Lindholm, LH. Atenolol in hypertension: is it a wise choice? Lancet. 2004; 364(9446):1684-9.
  37. Khan, N, McAlister, FA. Re-examining the efficacy of beta-blockers for the treatment of hypertension: a meta-analysis. Cmaj. 2006; 174(12):1737-42.
  38. Dahlof, B, Devereux, RB, Kjeldsen, SE, Julius, S, Beevers, G, de Faire, U, et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet. 2002; 359(9311):995-1003.
  39. Mancia, G, Grassi, G, Zanchetti, A. New-onset diabetes and antihypertensive drugs. J Hypertens. 2006; 24(1):3-10.
  40. Zillich, AJ, Garg, J, Basu, S, Bakris, GL, Carter, BL. Thiazide diuretics, potassium, and the development of diabetes: a quantitative review. Hypertension. 2006; 48(2):219-24.
  41. Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial Collaborative Research Group. Diuretic versus alpha-blocker as first-step antihypertensive therapy: final results from the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). Hypertension. 2003; 42(3):239-46.
  42. Law, MR, Wald, NJ, Morris, JK, Jordan, RE. Value of low dose combination treatment with blood pressure lowering drugs: analysis of 354 randomised trials. BMJ. 2003; 326(7404):1427.
  43. Appel, LJ, Moore, TJ, Obarzanek, E, Vollmer, WM, Svetkey, LP, Sacks, FM, et al. A clinical trial of the effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure. DASH Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med. 1997; 336(16):1117-24.
  44. Blumenthal, JA, Sherwood, A, Gullette, EC, Georgiades, A, Tweedy, D. Biobehavioral approaches to the treatment of essential hypertension. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2002; 70(3):569-89.
  45. Dickinson, HO, Mason, JM, Nicolson, DJ, Campbell, F, Beyer, FR, Cook, JV, et al. Lifestyle interventions to reduce raised blood pressure: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. J Hypertens. 2006; 24(2):215-33.
  46. Hooper, L, Bartlett, C, Davey, SG, Ebrahim, S. Advice to reduce dietary salt for prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004; (1):CD003656.
  47. Mulrow, CD, Chiquette, E, Angel, L, Cornell, J, Summerbell, C, Anagnostelis, B, et al. Dieting to reduce body weight for controlling hypertension in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000; (2):CD000484.
  48. Whelton, SP, Chin, A, Xin, X, He, J. Effect of aerobic exercise on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Ann Intern Med. 2002; 136(7):493-503.
  49. Xin, X, He, J, Frontini, MG, Ogden, LG, Motsamai, OI, Whelton, PK. Effects of alcohol reduction on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Hypertension. 2001; 38(5):1112-7.
  50. Yusuf, S, Hawken, S, Ounpuu, S, Dans, T, Avezum, A, Lanas, F, et al. Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet. 2004; 364(9438):937-52.
  51. Keys, A, Menotti, A, Aravanis, C, Blackburn, H, Djordevic, BS, Buzina, R, et al. The seven countries study: 2,289 deaths in 15 years. Prev Med. 1984; 13(2):141-54.
  52. Stamler, J, Wentworth, D, Neaton, JD. Is relationship between serum cholesterol and risk of premature death from coronary heart disease continuous and graded? Findings in 356,222 primary screenees of the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT).JAMA. 1986; 256(20):2823-8.
  53. Assmann, G, Schulte, H, Funke, H, von Eckardstein, A. The emergence of triglycerides as a significant independent risk factor in coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J. 1998; 19 Suppl M:M8-14.
  54. Thompson, A, Danesh, J. Associations between apolipoprotein B, apolipoprotein AI, the apolipoprotein B/AI ratio and coronary heart disease: a literature-based meta-analysis of prospective studies. J Intern Med. 2006; 259(5):481-92.
  55. van der Steeg, WA, Boekholdt, SM, Stein, EA, El-Harchaoui, K, Stroes, ES, Sandhu, MS, et al. Role of the apolipoprotein B-apolipoprotein A-I ratio in cardiovascular risk assessment: a case-control analysis in EPIC-Norfolk. Ann Intern Med. 2007; 146(9):640-8.
  56. Baigent, C, Keech, A, Kearney, PM, Blackwell, L, Buck, G, Pollicino, C, et al. Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90,056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins. Lancet. 2005; 366(9493):1267-78.
  57. Kelley, GA, Kelley, KS. Aerobic exercise and HDL2-C: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Atherosclerosis. 2006; 184(1):207-15.
  58. Kelley, GA, Kelley, KS, Tran, ZV. Walking, lipids, and lipoproteins: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Prev Med. 2004; 38(5):651-61.
  59. Kelley, GA, Kelley, KS, Tran, ZV. Aerobic exercise and lipids and lipoproteins in women: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2004; 13(10):1148-64.
  60. Kelley, GA, Kelley, KS, Tran, ZV. Walking and Non-HDL-C in adults: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Prev Cardiol. 2005; 8(2):102-7.
  61. Brown, L, Rosner, B, Willett, WW, Sacks, FM. Cholesterol-lowering effects of dietary fiber: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999; 69(1):30-42.
  62. Hopkins, PN. Effects of dietary cholesterol on serum cholesterol: a meta-analysis and review. Am J Clin Nutr. 1992; 55(6):1060-70.
  63. Judd, JT, Clevidence, BA, Muesing, RA, Wittes, J, Sunkin, ME, Podczasy, JJ. Dietary trans fatty acids: effects on plasma lipids and lipoproteins of healthy men and women. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994; 59(4):861-8.
  64. Katan, MB. Trans fatty acids and plasma lipoproteins. Nutr Rev. 2000; 58(6):188-91.
  65. Katan, MB, Zock, PL, Mensink, RP. Dietary oils, serum lipoproteins, and coronary heart disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 1995; 61(6 Suppl):1368S-73S.
  66. Mensink, RP, Katan, MB. Effect of dietary fatty acids on serum lipids and lipoproteins. A meta-analysis of 27 trials. Arterioscler Thromb. 1992; 12(8):911-9.
  67. Jenkins, DJ, Kendall, CW, Marchie, A, Faulkner, DA, Josse, AR, Wong, JM, et al. Direct comparison of dietary portfolio vs statin on C-reactive protein. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2005; 59(7):851-60.
  68. Maeda, K, Noguchi, Y, Fukui, T. The effects of cessation from cigarette smoking on the lipid and lipoprotein profiles: a meta-analysis. Prev Med. 2003; 37(4):283-90.
  69. Hooper, L, Summerbell, CD, Higgins, JP, Thompson, RL, Clements, G, Capps, N, et al. Reduced or modified dietary fat for preventing cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001; (3):CD002137.
  70. Downs, JR, Clearfield, M, Weis, S, Whitney, E, Shapiro, DR, Beere, PA, et al. Primary prevention of acute coronary events with lovastatin in men and women with average cholesterol levels: results of AFCAPS/TexCAPS. Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study. JAMA. 1998; 279(20):1615-22.
  71. Shepherd, J, Cobbe, SM, Ford, I, Isles, CG, Lorimer, AR, MacFarlane, PW, et al. Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia. West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1995; 333(20):1301-7.
  72. Walsh, JM, Pignone, M. Drug treatment of hyperlipidemia in women. JAMA. 2004; 291(18):2243-52.
  73. Bennett, S, Sager, P, Lipka, L, Melani, L, Suresh, R, Veltri, E. Consistency in efficacy and safety of ezetimibe coadministered with statins for treatment of hypercholesterolemia in women and men. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2004; 13(10):1101-7.
  74. Antithrombotic Trialists' Collaboration. Collaborative meta-analysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients. BMJ. 2002; 324(7329):71-86.
  75. Baigent, C, Blackwell, L, Collins, R, Emberson, J, Godwin, J, Peto, R, et al. Aspirin in the primary and secondary prevention of vascular disease: collaborative meta-analysis of individual participant data from randomised trials. Lancet. 2009; 373(9678):1849-60.
  76. Berger, JS, Roncaglioni, MC, Avanzini, F, Pangrazzi, I, Tognoni, G, Brown, DL. Aspirin for the primary prevention of cardiovascular events in women and men: a sex-specific meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA. 2006; 295(3):306-13.
  77. Benavente, O, Hart, R, Koudstaal, P, Laupacis, A, McBride, R. Antiplatelet therapy for preventing stroke in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation and no previous history of stroke or transient ischemic attacks. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000; (2):CD001925.
  78. Sadler, JE. Medicine: K is for koagulation. Nature. 2004; 427(6974):493-4.
  79. Buller, HR, Agnelli, G, Hull, RD, Hyers, TM, Prins, MH, Raskob, GE. Antithrombotic therapy for venous thromboembolic disease: the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. Chest. 2004; 126(3 Suppl):401S-28S.
  80. Collaborative meta-analysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients. BMJ. 2002; 324(7329):71-86.
  81. Gage, BF, Waterman, AD, Shannon, W, Boechler, M, Rich, MW, Radford, MJ. Validation of clinical classification schemes for predicting stroke: results from the National Registry of Atrial Fibrillation. JAMA. 2001; 285(22):2864-70.
  82. Go, AS, Hylek, EM, Phillips, KA, Chang, Y, Henault, LE, Selby, JV, et al. Prevalence of diagnosed atrial fibrillation in adults: national implications for rhythm management and stroke prevention: the AnTicoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation (ATRIA) Study. JAMA. 2001; 285(18):2370-5.
  83. van Walraven, C, Hart, RG, Wells, GA, Petersen, P, Koudstaal, PJ, Gullov, AL, et al. A clinical prediction rule to identify patients with atrial fibrillation and a low risk for stroke while taking aspirin. Arch Intern Med. 2003; 163(8):936-43.
  84. Wang, TJ, Massaro, JM, Levy, D, Vasan, RS, Wolf, PA, D'Agostino, RB, et al. A risk score for predicting stroke or death in individuals with new-onset atrial fibrillation in the community: the Framingham Heart Study. JAMA. 2003; 290(8):1049-56.
  85. Risk factors for stroke and efficacy of antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation. Analysis of pooled data from five randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med. 1994; 154(13):1449-57.
  86. Mant, J, Hobbs, FD, Fletcher, K, Roalfe, A, Fitzmaurice, D, Lip, GY, et al. Warfarin versus aspirin for stroke prevention in an elderly community population with atrial fibrillation (the Birmingham Atrial Fibrillation Treatment of the Aged Study, BAFTA): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2007; 370(9586):493-503.
  87. Connolly, S, Pogue, J, Hart, R, Pfeffer, M, Hohnloser, S, Chrolavicius, S, et al. Clopidogrel plus aspirin versus oral anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation in the Atrial fibrillation Clopidogrel Trial with Irbesartan for prevention of Vascular Events (ACTIVE W): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2006; 367(9526):1903-12.
  88. Dentali, F, Douketis, JD, Lim, W, Crowther, M. Combined aspirin-oral anticoagulant therapy compared with oral anticoagulant therapy alone among patients at risk for cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Arch Intern Med. 2007; 167(2):117-24.
  89. Akins, PT, Feldman, HA, Zoble, RG, Newman, D, Spitzer, SG, Diener, HC, et al. Secondary stroke prevention with ximelagatran versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation: pooled analysis of SPORTIF III and V clinical trials. Stroke. 2007; 38(3):874-80.
  90. White, HD, Gruber, M, Feyzi, J, Kaatz, S, Tse, HF, Husted, S, et al. Comparison of outcomes among patients randomized to warfarin therapy according to anticoagulant control: results from SPORTIF III and V. Arch Intern Med. 2007; 167(3):239-45.
  91. Levine, MN, Raskob, G, Beyth, RJ, Kearon, C, Schulman, S. Hemorrhagic complications of anticoagulant treatment: the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. Chest. 2004; 126(3 Suppl):287S-310S.
  92. Sjalander, A, Engstrom, G, Berntorp, E, Svensson, P. Risk of haemorrhagic stroke in patients with oral anticoagulation compared with the general population. J Intern Med. 2003; 254(5):434-8.
  93. Torn, M, Bollen, WL, van der Meer, FJ, van der Wall, EE, Rosendaal, FR. Risks of oral anticoagulant therapy with increasing age. Arch Intern Med. 2005; 165(13):1527-32.
  94. Fang, MC, Chang, Y, Hylek, EM, Rosand, J, Greenberg, SM, Go, AS, et al. Advanced age, anticoagulation intensity, and risk for intracranial hemorrhage among patients taking warfarin for atrial fibrillation. Ann Intern Med. 2004; 141(10):745-52.
  95. Oden, A, Fahlen, M. Oral anticoagulation and risk of death: a medical record linkage study. BMJ. 2002; 325(7372):1073-5.
  96. Sjoblom, L, Hardemark, HG, Lindgren, A, Norrving, B, Fahlen, M, Samuelsson, M, et al. Management and prognostic features of intracerebral hemorrhage during anticoagulant therapy: a Swedish multicenter study. Stroke. 2001; 32(11):2567-74.
  97. Go, AS, Hylek, EM, Chang, Y, Phillips, KA, Henault, LE, Capra, AM, et al. Anticoagulation therapy for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: how well do randomized trials translate into clinical practice? JAMA. 2003; 290(20):2685-92.
  98. Rosendaal, FR, Cannegieter, SC, van der Meer, FJ, Briet, E. A method to determine the optimal intensity of oral anticoagulant therapy. Thromb Haemost. 1993; 69(3):236-9.
  99. Cannegieter, SC, Rosendaal, FR, Wintzen, AR, van der Meer, FJ, Vandenbroucke, JP, Briet, E. Optimal oral anticoagulant therapy in patients with mechanical heart valves. N Engl J Med. 1995; 333(1):11-7.
  100. Hylek, EM, Singer, DE. Risk factors for intracranial hemorrhage in outpatients taking warfarin. Ann Intern Med. 1994; 120(11):897-902.
  101. Albers, GW, Diener, HC, Frison, L, Grind, M, Nevinson, M, Partridge, S, et al. Ximelagatran vs warfarin for stroke prevention in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2005; 293(6):690-8.
  102. Olsson, SB. Stroke prevention with the oral direct thrombin inhibitor ximelagatran compared with warfarin in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (SPORTIF III): randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2003; 362(9397):1691-8.
  103. www.sim.nu. Verksamhetsuppföljning 2003 för internmedicinska kliniker. 2003.
  104. The efficacy of aspirin in patients with atrial fibrillation. Analysis of pooled data from 3 randomized trials. The Atrial Fibrillation Investigators. Arch Intern Med. 1997; 157(11):1237-40.
  105. Benavente, O, Hart, R, Koudstaal, P, Laupacis, A, McBride, R. Oral anticoagulants for preventing stroke in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation and no previous history of stroke or transient ischemic attacks. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000; (2):CD001927.
  106. Hart, RG, Benavente, O, McBride, R, Pearce, LA. Antithrombotic therapy to prevent stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 1999; 131(7):492-501.
  107. Hart, RG, Pearce, LA, Aguilar, MI. Meta-analysis: antithrombotic therapy to prevent stroke in patients who have nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Ann Intern Med. 2007; 146(12):857-67.
  108. van Walraven, C, Hart, RG, Singer, DE, Laupacis, A, Connolly, S, Petersen, P, et al. Oral anticoagulants vs aspirin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: an individual patient meta-analysis. JAMA. 2002; 288(19):2441-8.
  109. Biblo, LA, Yuan, Z, Quan, KJ, Mackall, JA, Rimm, AA. Risk of stroke in patients with atrial flutter. Am J Cardiol. 2001; 87(3):346-9, A9.
  110. Wood, KA, Eisenberg, SJ, Kalman, JM, Drew, BJ, Saxon, LA, Lee, RJ, et al. Risk of thromboembolism in chronic atrial flutter. Am J Cardiol. 1997; 79(8):1043-7.
  111. Gage, BF, Cardinalli, AB, Albers, GW, Owens, DK. Cost-effectiveness of warfarin and aspirin for prophylaxis of stroke in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. JAMA. 1995; 274(23):1839-45.
  112. Jahangir, A, Lee, V, Friedman, PA, Trusty, JM, Hodge, DO, Kopecky, SL, et al. Long-term progression and outcomes with aging in patients with lone atrial fibrillation: a 30-year follow-up study. Circulation. 2007; 115(24):3050-6.
  113. Kopecky, SL, Gersh, BJ, McGoon, MD, Whisnant, JP, Holmes, DR, Jr., Ilstrup, DM, et al. The natural history of lone atrial fibrillation. A population-based study over three decades. N Engl J Med. 1987; 317(11):669-74.
  114. Qureshi, AI, Alexandrov, AV, Tegeler, CH, Hobson, RW, 2nd, Dennis Baker, J, Hopkins, LN. Guidelines for screening of extracranial carotid artery disease: a statement for healthcare professionals from the multidisciplinary practice guidelines committee of the American Society of Neuroimaging; cosponsored by the Society of Vascular and Interventional Neurology. J Neuroimaging. 2007; 17(1):19-47.
  115. Wolff, T, Guirguis-Blake, J, Miller, T, Gillespie, M, Harris, R. Screening for carotid artery stenosis: an update of the evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. 2007; 147(12):860-70.
  116. Hobson, RW, 2nd, Weiss, DG, Fields, WS, Goldstone, J, Moore, WS, Towne, JB, et al. Efficacy of carotid endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid stenosis. The Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1993; 328(4):221-7.
  117. Chambers, BR, Donnan, GA. Carotid endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid stenosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005; (4):CD001923.
  118. Swedvasc. Nationellt kvalitetsregister för kärlkirugi. www.ucr.uu.se/swedvasc/.
  119. Henriksson, M, Lundgren, F, Carlsson, P. Cost-effectiveness of endarterectomy in patients with asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis. Br J Surg. 2008; 95(6):714-20.
  120. National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions. Stroke: national clinical guideline for diagnosis and initial management of acute stroke and transient ischaemic attack (TIA). London: Royal College of Physicians; 2008.
  121. Kothari, RU, Pancioli, A, Liu, T, Brott, T, Broderick, J. Cincinnati Prehospital Stroke Scale: reproducibility and validity. Ann Emerg Med. 1999; 33(4):373-8.
  122. Harbison, J, Hossain, O, Jenkinson, D, Davis, J, Louw, SJ, Ford, GA. Diagnostic accuracy of stroke referrals from primary care, emergency room physicians, and ambulance staff using the face arm speech test. Stroke. 2003; 34(1):71-6.
  123. Nor, AM, McAllister, C, Louw, SJ, Dyker, AG, Davis, M, Jenkinson, D, et al. Agreement between ambulance paramedic- and physician-recorded neurological signs with Face Arm Speech Test (FAST) in acute stroke patients. Stroke. 2004; 35(6):1355-9.
  124. Kidwell, CS, Starkman, S, Eckstein, M, Weems, K, Saver, JL. Identifying stroke in the field. Prospective validation of the Los Angeles prehospital stroke screen (LAPSS). Stroke. 2000; 31(1):71-6.
  125. Bray, JE, Martin, J, Cooper, G, Barger, B, Bernard, S, Bladin, C. Paramedic identification of stroke: community validation of the melbourne ambulance stroke screen. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2005; 20(1):28-33.
  126. Bray, JE, Martin, J, Cooper, G, Barger, B, Bernard, S, Bladin, C. An interventional study to improve paramedic diagnosis of stroke. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2005; 9(3):297-302.
  127. Boode, B, Welzen, V, Franke, C, van Oostenbrugge, R. Estimating the number of stroke patients eligible for thrombolytic treatment if delay could be avoided. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2007; 23(4):294-8.
  128. California Acute Stroke Pilot Registry (CASPR) Investigators. Prioritizing interventions to improve rates of thrombolysis for ischemic stroke. Neurology. 2005; 64(4):654-9.
  129. Mosley, I, Nicol, M, Donnan, G, Patrick, I, Kerr, F, Dewey, H. The impact of ambulance practice on acute stroke care. Stroke. 2007; 38(10):2765-70.
  130. Alberts, MJ, Perry, A, Dawson, DV, Bertels, C. Effects of public and professional education on reducing the delay in presentation and referral of stroke patients. Stroke. 1992; 23(3):352-6.
  131. Kothari, R, Barsan, W, Brott, T, Broderick, J, Ashbrock, S. Frequency and accuracy of prehospital diagnosis of acute stroke. Stroke. 1995; 26(6):937-41.
  132. Morgenstern, LB, Bartholomew, LK, Grotta, JC, Staub, L, King, M, Chan, W. Sustained benefit of a community and professional intervention to increase acute stroke therapy. Arch Intern Med. 2003; 163(18):2198-202.
  133. Silver, FL, Rubini, F, Black, D, Hodgson, CS. Advertising strategies to increase public knowledge of the warning signs of stroke. Stroke. 2003; 34(8):1965-8.
  134. Hodgson, C, Lindsay, P, Rubini, F. Can mass media influence emergency department visits for stroke? Stroke. 2007; 38(7):2115-22.
  135. Audebert, H. Telestroke: effective networking. Lancet Neurol. 2006; 5(3):279-82.
  136. Wiborg, A, Widder, B. Teleneurology to improve stroke care in rural areas: The Telemedicine in Stroke. Stroke. 2003; 34(12):2951-6.
  137. Schwamm, LH, Rosenthal, ES, Hirshberg, A, Schaefer, PW, Little, EA, Kvedar, JC, et al. Virtual TeleStroke support for the emergency department evaluation of acute. Acad Emerg Med. 2004; 11(11):1193-7.
  138. Vatankhah B Fau - Schenkel, J, Schenkel J Fau - Furst, A, Furst A Fau - Haberl, RL, Haberl Rl Fau - Audebert, HJ, Audebert, HJ. Telemedically provided stroke expertise beyond normal working hours. The. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2008; 25(4):332-7.
  139. Audebert, HF, Kukla, C, Clarmann von Claranau, S, Kuhn, J, Vatankhah, B, Schenkel, J, et al. Telemedicine for safe and extended use of thrombolysis in stroke: the Telemedic. Stroke. 2005; 36(2):287-91.
  140. Schwab, S, Vatankhah, B, Kukla, C, Hauchwitz, M, Bogdahn, U, Furst, A, et al. Long-term outcome after thrombolysis in telemedical stroke care. Neurology. 2007; 69(9):898-903.
  141. Hess, DC, Wang, S, Hamilton, W, Lee, S, Pardue, C, Waller, JL, et al. Reliability of site-independent telemedicine when assessed by telemedicine-naive stroke practitioners. Stroke. 2008; 17(4):181-6.
  142. Mayer, SA, Brun, NC, Begtrup, K, Broderick, J, Davis, S, Diringer, MN, et al. Efficacy and safety of recombinant activated factor VII for acute intracerebral hemorrhage. N Engl J Med. 2008; 358(20):2127-37.
  143. Meyer, BC, Raman, R, Hemmen, T, Obler, R, Zivin, JA, Rao, R, et al. Efficacy of site-independent telemedicine in the STRokE DOC trial: a randomised, blinded, prospective study. Lancet Neurol. 2008; 7(9):787-95.
  144. Riks-Stroke. Analyserande rapport för helåren 2001 och 2002 2003:
  145. Broderick, JP, Brott, TG, Duldner, JE, Tomsick, T, Huster, G. Volume of intracerebral hemorrhage. A powerful and easy-to-use predictor of 30-day mortality. Stroke. 1993; 24(7):987-93.
  146. Hemphill, JC, 3rd, Bonovich, DC, Besmertis, L, Manley, GT, Johnston, SC. The ICH score: a simple, reliable grading scale for intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 2001; 32(4):891-7.
  147. Wardlaw, JM. Radiology of stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2001; 70 Suppl 1:I7-11.
  148. von Kummer, R, Allen, KL, Holle, R, Bozzao, L, Bastianello, S, Manelfe, C, et al. Acute stroke: usefulness of early CT findings before thrombolytic therapy. Radiology. 1997; 205(2):327-33.
  149. Larrue, V, von Kummer, RR, Muller, A, Bluhmki, E. Risk factors for severe hemorrhagic transformation in ischemic stroke patients treated with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator: a secondary analysis of the European-Australasian Acute Stroke Study (ECASS II). Stroke. 2001; 32(2):438-41.
  150. Tanne, D, Kasner, SE, Demchuk, AM, Koren-Morag, N, Hanson, S, Grond, M, et al. Markers of increased risk of intracerebral hemorrhage after intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator therapy for acute ischemic stroke in clinical practice: the Multicenter rt-PA Stroke Survey. Circulation. 2002; 105(14):1679-85.
  151. Gilligan, AK, Markus, R, Read, S, Srikanth, V, Hirano, T, Fitt, G, et al. Baseline blood pressure but not early computed tomography changes predicts major hemorrhage after streptokinase in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2002; 33(9):2236-42.
  152. Patel, SC, Levine, SR, Tilley, BC, Grotta, JC, Lu, M, Frankel, M, et al. Lack of clinical significance of early ischemic changes on computed tomography in acute stroke. JAMA. 2001; 286(22):2830-8.
  153. Kalafut, MA, Schriger, DL, Saver, JL, Starkman, S. Detection of early CT signs of >1/3 middle cerebral artery infarctions : interrater reliability and sensitivity of CT interpretation by physicians involved in acute stroke care. Stroke. 2000; 31(7):1667-71.
  154. Muir, KW, Buchan, A, von Kummer, R, Rother, J, Baron, JC. Imaging of acute stroke. Lancet Neurol. 2006; 5(9):755-68.
  155. Brott, T, Broderick, J, Kothari, R, Barsan, W, Tomsick, T, Sauerbeck, L, et al. Early hemorrhage growth in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 1997; 28(1):1-5.
  156. Culebras, A, Kase, CS, Masdeu, JC, Fox, AJ, Bryan, RN, Grossman, CB, et al. Practice guidelines for the use of imaging in transient ischemic attacks and acute stroke. A report of the Stroke Council, American Heart Association. Stroke. 1997; 28(7):1480-97.
  157. Mohr, JP, Biller, J, Hilal, SK, Yuh, WT, Tatemichi, TK, Hedges, S, et al. Magnetic resonance versus computed tomographic imaging in acute stroke. Stroke. 1995; 26(5):807-12.
  158. Lindgren, A, Norrving, B, Rudling, O, Johansson, BB. Comparison of clinical and neuroradiological findings in first-ever stroke. A population-based study. Stroke. 1994; 25(7):1371-7.
  159. Fiebach, JB, Schellinger, PD, Gass, A, Kucinski, T, Siebler, M, Villringer, A, et al. Stroke magnetic resonance imaging is accurate in hyperacute intracerebral hemorrhage: a multicenter study on the validity of stroke imaging. Stroke. 2004; 35(2):502-6.
  160. Chalela, JA, Kidwell, CS, Nentwich, LM, Luby, M, Butman, JA, Demchuk, AM, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography in emergency assessment of patients with suspected acute stroke: a prospective comparison. Lancet. 2007; 369(9558):293-8.
  161. Redgrave, JN, Coutts, SB, Schulz, UG, Briley, D, Rothwell, PM. Systematic review of associations between the presence of acute ischemic lesions on diffusion-weighted imaging and clinical predictors of early stroke risk after transient ischemic attack. Stroke. 2007; 38(5):1482-8.
  162. Hand, PJ, Kwan, J, Lindley, RI, Dennis, MS, Wardlaw, JM. Distinguishing between stroke and mimic at the bedside: the brain attack study. Stroke. 2006; 37(3):769-75.
  163. Lavallee, PC, Meseguer, E, Abboud, H, Cabrejo, L, Olivot, JM, Simon, O, et al. A transient ischaemic attack clinic with round-the-clock access (SOS-TIA): feasibility and effects. Lancet Neurol. 2007; 6(11):953-60.
  164. Donnan, GA, Davis, SM. Neuroimaging, the ischaemic penumbra, and selection of patients for acute stroke therapy. Lancet Neurol. 2002; 1(7):417-25.
  165. Christensen, S, Mouridsen, K, Wu, O, Hjort, N, Karstoft, H, Thomalla, G, et al. Comparison of 10 perfusion MRI parameters in 97 sub-6-hour stroke patients using voxel-based receiver operating characteristics analysis. Stroke. 2009; 40(6):2055-61.
  166. Hand, PJ, Wardlaw, JM, Rowat, AM, Haisma, JA, Lindley, RI, Dennis, MS. Magnetic resonance brain imaging in patients with acute stroke: feasibility and patient related difficulties. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005; 76(11):1525-7.
  167. Cordonnier, C, Al-Shahi Salman, R, Wardlaw, J. Spontaneous brain microbleeds: systematic review, subgroup analyses and standards for study design and reporting. Brain. 2007; 130(Pt 8):1988-2003.
  168. Fiehler, J, Albers, GW, Boulanger, JM, Derex, L, Gass, A, Hjort, N, et al. Bleeding risk analysis in stroke imaging before thromboLysis (BRASIL): pooled analysis of T2*-weighted magnetic resonance imaging data from 570 patients. Stroke. 2007; 38(10):2738-44.
  169. Ferro, JM. Cardioembolic stroke: an update. Lancet Neurol. 2003; 2(3):177-88.
  170. McNamara, RL, Lima, JA, Whelton, PK, Powe, NR. Echocardiographic identification of cardiovascular sources of emboli to guide clinical management of stroke: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Ann Intern Med. 1997; 127(9):775-87.
  171. Omran, H, Rang, B, Schmidt, H, Illien, S, Schimpf, R, Maccarter, D, et al. Incidence of left atrial thrombi in patients in sinus rhythm and with a recent neurologic deficit. Am Heart J. 2000; 140(4):658-62.
  172. Mas, JL, Arquizan, C, Lamy, C, Zuber, M, Cabanes, L, Derumeaux, G, et al. Recurrent cerebrovascular events associated with patent foramen ovale, atrial septal aneurysm, or both. N Engl J Med. 2001; 345(24):1740-6.
  173. Harloff, A, Handke, M, Reinhard, M, Geibel, A, Hetzel, A. Therapeutic strategies after examination by transesophageal echocardiography in 503 patients with ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2006; 37(3):859-64.
  174. de Bruijn, SF, Agema, WR, Lammers, GJ, van der Wall, EE, Wolterbeek, R, Holman, ER, et al. Transesophageal echocardiography is superior to transthoracic echocardiography in management of patients of any age with transient ischemic attack or stroke. Stroke. 2006; 37(10):2531-4.
  175. Morris, JG, Duffis, EJ, Fisher, M. Cardiac workup of ischemic stroke: can we improve our diagnostic yield? Stroke. 2009; 40(8):2893-8.
  176. Hacke, W, Donnan, G, Fieschi, C, Kaste, M, von Kummer, R, Broderick, JP, et al. Association of outcome with early stroke treatment: pooled analysis of ATLANTIS, ECASS, and NINDS rt-PA stroke trials. Lancet. 2004; 363(9411):768-74.
  177. Wardlaw, JM, Zoppo, G, Yamaguchi, T, Berge, E. Thrombolysis for acute ischaemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003; (3):CD000213.
  178. Hacke, W, Kaste, M, Bluhmki, E, Brozman, M, Davalos, A, Guidetti, D, et al. Thrombolysis with alteplase 3 to 4.5 hours after acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med. 2008; 359(13):1317-29.
  179. Wahlgren N Fau - Ahmed, N, Ahmed N Fau - Davalos, A, Davalos A Fau - Ford, GA, Ford Ga Fau - Grond, M, Grond M Fau - Hacke, W, Hacke W Fau - Hennerici, MG, et al. Thrombolysis with alteplase for acute ischaemic stroke in the Safe Implementation. Lancet. 2007; 369(9558):275-82.
  180. Wahlgren N Fau - Ahmed, N, Ahmed N Fau - Davalos, A, Davalos A Fau - Hacke, W, Hacke W Fau - Millan, M, Millan M Fau - Muir, K, Muir K Fau - Roine, RO, et al. Thrombolysis with alteplase 3-4.5 h after acute ischaemic stroke (SITS-ISTR): an. Lancet. 2008; 372(9646):1303-9.
  181. Fagan, SC, Morgenstern, LB, Petitta, A, Ward, RE, Tilley, BC, Marler, JR, et al. Cost-effectiveness of tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. NINDS rt-PA Stroke Study Group. Neurology. 1998; 50(4):883-90.
  182. Devuyst, G, Bogousslavsky, J, Meuli, R, Moncayo, J, de Freitas, G, van Melle, G. Stroke or transient ischemic attacks with basilar artery stenosis or occlusion: clinical patterns and outcome. Arch Neurol. 2002; 59(4):567-73.
  183. Hacke, W, Zeumer, H, Ferbert, A, Bruckmann, H, del Zoppo, GJ. Intra-arterial thrombolytic therapy improves outcome in patients with acute vertebrobasilar occlusive disease. Stroke. 1988; 19(10):1216-22.
  184. Eckert, B, Kucinski, T, Pfeiffer, G, Groden, C, Zeumer, H. Endovascular therapy of acute vertebrobasilar occlusion: early treatment onset as the most important factor. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2002; 14(1):42-50.
  185. Levy, EI, Firlik, AD, Wisniewski, S, Rubin, G, Jungreis, CA, Wechsler, LR, et al. Factors affecting survival rates for acute vertebrobasilar artery occlusions treated with intra-arterial thrombolytic therapy: a meta-analytical approach. Neurosurgery. 1999; 45(3):539-45; discussion 45-8.
  186. Lindsberg, PJ, Soinne, L, Tatlisumak, T, Roine, RO, Kallela, M, Happola, O, et al. Long-term outcome after intravenous thrombolysis of basilar artery occlusion. JAMA. 2004; 292(15):1862-6.
  187. Lindsberg, PJ, Mattle, HP. Therapy of basilar artery occlusion: a systematic analysis comparing intra-arterial and intravenous thrombolysis. Stroke. 2006; 37(3):922-8.
  188. Pfefferkorn, T, Mayer, TE, Opherk, C, Peters, N, Straube, A, Pfister, HW, et al. Staged escalation therapy in acute basilar artery occlusion: intravenous thrombolysis and on-demand consecutive endovascular mechanical thrombectomy: preliminary experience in 16 patients. Stroke. 2008; 39(5):1496-500.
  189. Schonewille, WJ, Wijman, CA, Michel, P, Rueckert, CM, Weimar, C, Mattle, HP, et al. Treatment and outcomes of acute basilar artery occlusion in the Basilar Artery International Cooperation Study (BASICS): a prospective registry study. Lancet Neurol. 2009; 8(8):724-30.
  190. Wu, CM, McLaughlin, K, Lorenzetti, DL, Hill, MD, Manns, BJ, Ghali, WA. Early risk of stroke after transient ischemic attack: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med. 2007; 167(22):2417-22.
  191. Giles, MF, Rothwell, PM. Risk of stroke early after transient ischaemic attack: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Neurol. 2007; 6(12):1063-72.
  192. Johnston, SC, Rothwell, PM, Nguyen-Huynh, MN, Giles, MF, Elkins, JS, Bernstein, AL, et al. Validation and refinement of scores to predict very early stroke risk after transient ischaemic attack. Lancet. 2007; 369(9558):283-92.
  193. Rothwell, PM, Giles, MF, Chandratheva, A, Marquardt, L, Geraghty, O, Redgrave, JN, et al. Effect of urgent treatment of transient ischaemic attack and minor stroke on early recurrent stroke (EXPRESS study): a prospective population-based sequential comparison. Lancet. 2007; 370(9596):1432-42.
  194. Prasad, K, Mendelow, AD, Gregson, B. Surgery for primary supratentorial intracerebral haemorrhage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008; (4):CD000200.
  195. Mendelow, AD, Gregson, BA, Fernandes, HM, Murray, GD, Teasdale, GM, Hope, DT, et al. Early surgery versus initial conservative treatment in patients with spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral haematomas in the International Surgical Trial in Intracerebral Haemorrhage (STICH): a randomised trial. Lancet. 2005; 365(9457):387-97.
  196. Rabinstein, AA, Atkinson, JL, Wijdicks, EF. Emergency craniotomy in patients worsening due to expanded cerebral hematoma: to what purpose? Neurology. 2002; 58(9):1367-72.
  197. Mayer, SA, Brun, NC, Begtrup, K, Broderick, J, Davis, S, Diringer, MN, et al. Recombinant activated factor VII for acute intracerebral hemorrhage. N Engl J Med. 2005; 352(8):777-85.
  198. Lapointe, M, Haines, S. Fibrinolytic therapy for intraventricular hemorrhage in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002; (3):CD003692.
  199. Flaherty, ML, Kissela, B, Woo, D, Kleindorfer, D, Alwell, K, Sekar, P, et al. The increasing incidence of anticoagulant-associated intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology. 2007; 68(2):116-21.
  200. Steiner, T, Kaste, M, Forsting, M, Mendelow, D, Kwiecinski, H, Szikora, I, et al. Recommendations for the management of intracranial haemorrhage - part I: spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage. The European Stroke Initiative Writing Committee and the Writing Committee for the EUSI Executive Committee. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2006; 22(4):294-316.
  201. Broderick, J, Connolly, S, Feldmann, E, Hanley, D, Kase, C, Krieger, D, et al. Guidelines for the management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage in adults: 2007 update: a guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council, High Blood Pressure Research Council, and the Quality of Care and Outcomes in Research Interdisciplinary Working Group. Stroke. 2007; 38(6):2001-23.
  202. Aguilar, MI, Hart, RG, Kase, CS, Freeman, WD, Hoeben, BJ, Garcia, RC, et al. Treatment of warfarin-associated intracerebral hemorrhage: literature review and expert opinion. Mayo Clin Proc. 2007; 82(1):82-92.
  203. Steiner, T, Rosand, J, Diringer, M. Intracerebral hemorrhage associated with oral anticoagulant therapy: current practices and unresolved questions. Stroke. 2006; 37(1):256-62.
  204. Lee, SB, Manno, EM, Layton, KF, Wijdicks, EF. Progression of warfarin-associated intracerebral hemorrhage after INR normalization with FFP. Neurology. 2006; 67(7):1272-4.
  205. Steiner, T, Ringleb, P, Hacke, W. Treatment options for large hemispheric stroke. Neurology. 2001; 57(5 Suppl 2):S61-8.
  206. Juttler, E, Schwab, S, Schmiedek, P, Unterberg, A, Hennerici, M, Woitzik, J, et al. Decompressive Surgery for the Treatment of Malignant Infarction of the Middle Cerebral Artery (DESTINY): a randomized, controlled trial. Stroke. 2007; 38(9):2518-25.
  207. Vahedi, K, Vicaut, E, Mateo, J, Kurtz, A, Orabi, M, Guichard, JP, et al. Sequential-design, multicenter, randomized, controlled trial of early decompressive craniectomy in malignant middle cerebral artery infarction (DECIMAL Trial). Stroke. 2007; 38(9):2506-17.
  208. Vahedi, K, Hofmeijer, J, Juettler, E, Vicaut, E, George, B, Algra, A, et al. Early decompressive surgery in malignant infarction of the middle cerebral artery: a pooled analysis of three randomised controlled trials. Lancet Neurol. 2007; 6(3):215-22.
  209. Huttner, HB, Schwab, S. Malignant middle cerebral artery infarction: clinical characteristics, treatment strategies, and future perspectives. Lancet Neurol. 2009; 8(10):949-58.
  210. Langhorne, P, Taylor, G, Murray, G, Dennis, M, Anderson, C, Bautz-Holter, E, et al. Early supported discharge services for stroke patients: a meta-analysis of individual patients' data. Lancet. 2005; 365(9458):501-6.
  211. Early Supported Discharge Trialists. Services for reducing duration of hospital care for acute stroke patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005; (2):CD000443.
  212. Askim, T, Rohweder, G, Lydersen, S, Indredavik, B. Evaluation of an extended stroke unit service with early supported discharge for patients living in a rural community. A randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2004; 18(3):238-48.
  213. Langhorne, P, Holmqvist, LW. Early supported discharge after stroke. J Rehabil Med. 2007; 39(2):103-8.
  214. Thorsen, AM, Holmqvist, LW, de Pedro-Cuesta, J, von Koch, L. A randomized controlled trial of early supported discharge and continued rehabilitation at home after stroke: five-year follow-up of patient outcome. Stroke. 2005; 36(2):297-303.
  215. Liao, J, Khalid, Z, Scallan, C, Morillo, C, O'Donnell, M. Noninvasive cardiac monitoring for detecting paroxysmal atrial fibrillation or flutter after acute ischemic stroke: a systematic review. Stroke. 2007; 38(11):2935-40.
  216. Tagawa, M, Takeuchi, S, Chinushi, M, Saeki, M, Taniguchi, Y, Nakamura, Y, et al. Evaluating patients with acute ischemic stroke with special reference to newly developed atrial fibrillation in cerebral embolism. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2007; 30(9):1121-8.
  217. Douen, A, Pageau, N, Medic, S. Usefulness of cardiovascular investigations in stroke management: clinical relevance and economic implications. Stroke. 2007; 38(6):1956-8.
  218. Socialstyrelsen. Näringsproblem i vård och omsorg - Prevention och behandling 2000:11:
  219. The Nursing and Midwifery Practice Development Unit. NUTRITION for physically frail older people. NHS Scotland - best practice statement. 2002; Maj.
  220. The Nursing and Midwifery Practice Development Unit. NUTRITION assessment and referral in the care of adults in hospital. NHS Scotland - best practice statement. 2002; Maj.
  221. Milne, AC, Potter, J, Avenell, A. Protein and energy supplementation in elderly people at risk from malnutrition. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005; (2):CD003288.
  222. Baldwin, C, Parsons, T, Logan, S. Dietary advice for illness-related malnutrition in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007; (1):CD002008.
  223. Bath, PM, Bath, FJ, Smithard, DG. Interventions for dysphagia in acute stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000; (2):CD000323.
  224. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network - SIGN. Management of patients with stroke. Identification and management of dysphagia. A national clinical guideline. 2004.
  225. Dennis, MS, Lewis, SC, Warlow, C. Routine oral nutritional supplementation for stroke patients in hospital (FOOD): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2005; 365(9461):755-63.
  226. Davalos, A, Ricart, W, Gonzalez-Huix, F, Soler, S, Marrugat, J, Molins, A, et al. Effect of malnutrition after acute stroke on clinical outcome. Stroke. 1996; 27(6):1028-32.
  227. Finestone, HM, Greene-Finestone, LS, Wilson, ES, Teasell, RW. Malnutrition in stroke patients on the rehabilitation service and at follow-up: prevalence and predictors. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1995; 76(4):310-6.
  228. Dennis, M, Lewis, S, Cranswick, G, Forbes, J. FOOD: a multicentre randomised trial evaluating feeding policies in patients admitted to hospital with a recent stroke. Health Technol Assess. 2006; 10(2):iii-iv, ix-x, 1-120.
  229. Westergren, A, (red). Svårigheter att äta. Lund: Studentlitteratur; 2003.
  230. Carlsson, S, Eiman, M, Murgren, A, Nilsson, R, Stenberg, M, Willman, A. Fall, trycksår och urininkontinens hos personer med stroke. En systematisk litteratursökning om sjuksköterskans möjliga omvårdnadsåtgärder. Svensk Sjuksköterskeförening. 2003; Maj.
  231. The intercollegiate working party for stroke. National clinical guidelines for stroke www.rcplondon.ac.uk/pubs/books/stroke/. 2002.
  232. Thomas, LH, Cross, S, Barrett, J, French, B, Leathley, M, Sutton, CJ, et al. Treatment of urinary incontinence after stroke in adults Urinary incontinence after stroke: does rehabilitation make a difference? A systematic review of the effectiveness of behavioral therapy Physiotherapy treatment approaches for the recovery of postural control and lower limb function following stroke Occupational therapy for patients with problems in personal activities of daily living after stroke: systematic review of randomised trials The use of aerobic exercise training in improving aerobic capacity in individuals with stroke: a meta-analysis Effects of exercise training programs on walking competency after stroke: a systematic review EMG biofeedback for the recovery of motor function after stroke Thrombolysis with alteplase 3 to 4.5 hours after acute ischemic stroke Thrombolysis with alteplase for acute ischaemic stroke in the Safe Implementation of Thrombolysis in Stroke-Monitoring Study (SITS-MOST): an observational study Thrombolysis with alteplase 3-4.5 h after acute ischaemic stroke (SITS-ISTR): an observational study Telestroke: effective networking Teleneurology to improve stroke care in rural areas: The Telemedicine in Stroke in Swabia (TESS) Project Virtual TeleStroke support for the emergency department evaluation of acute stroke Telemedically provided stroke expertise beyond normal working hours. The Telemedical Project for Integrative Stroke Care Telemedicine for safe and extended use of thrombolysis in stroke: the Telemedic Pilot Project for Integrative Stroke Care (TEMPiS) in Bavaria Long-term outcome after thrombolysis in telemedical stroke care REACH: clinical feasibility of a rural telestroke network< Reliability of site-independent telemedicine when assessed by telemedicine-naive stroke practitioners. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008; 23(1):CD004462.
  233. Dumoulin C Fau - Korner-Bitensky, N, Korner-Bitensky N Fau - Tannenbaum, C, Tannenbaum, C. Urinary incontinence after stroke: does rehabilitation make a difference? A. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2005; 12(3):66-76.
  234. SBU. Behandling av urininkontinens 2000:143
  235. Socialstyrelsen. Socialstyrelsens riktlinjer för vård av blodpropp/venös tromboembolism 2004:
  236. Heuschmann, PU, Kolominsky-Rabas, PL, Misselwitz, B, Hermanek, P, Leffmann, C, Janzen, RW, et al. Predictors of in-hospital mortality and attributable risks of death after ischemic stroke: the German Stroke Registers Study Group. Arch Intern Med. 2004; 164(16):1761-8.
  237. Kamphuisen, PW, Agnelli, G. What is the optimal pharmacological prophylaxis for the prevention of deep-vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in patients with acute ischemic stroke? Thromb Res. 2007; 119(3):265-74.
  238. Dentali, F, Douketis, JD, Gianni, M, Lim, W, Crowther, MA. Meta-analysis: anticoagulant prophylaxis to prevent symptomatic venous thromboembolism in hospitalized medical patients. Ann Intern Med. 2007; 146(4):278-88.
  239. Ettema, HB, Kollen, BJ, Verheyen, CC, Buller, HR. Prevention of venous thromboembolism in patients with immobilization of the lower extremities: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Thromb Haemost. 2008; 6(7):1093-8.
  240. Diener, HC, Ringelstein, EB, von Kummer, R, Landgraf, H, Koppenhagen, K, Harenberg, J, et al. Prophylaxis of thrombotic and embolic events in acute ischemic stroke with the low-molecular-weight heparin certoparin: results of the PROTECT Trial. Stroke. 2006; 37(1):139-44.
  241. Sherman, DG, Albers, GW, Bladin, C, Fieschi, C, Gabbai, AA, Kase, CS, et al. The efficacy and safety of enoxaparin versus unfractionated heparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after acute ischaemic stroke (PREVAIL Study): an open-label randomised comparison. Lancet. 2007; 369(9570):1347-55.
  242. Dennis, M, Sandercock, PA, Reid, J, Graham, C, Murray, G, Venables, G, et al. Effectiveness of thigh-length graduated compression stockings to reduce the risk of deep vein thrombosis after stroke (CLOTS trial 1): a multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2009; 373(9679):1958-65.
  243. Mazzone, C, Chiodo, GF, Sandercock, P, Miccio, M, Salvi, R. Physical methods for preventing deep vein thrombosis in stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004; (4):CD001922.
  244. Pollock, A, Baer, G, Pomeroy, V, Langhorne, P, Legg, L, Drummond, A, et al. Occupational therapy for patients with problems in personal activities of daily living after stroke: systematic review of randomised trials The use of aerobic exercise training in improving aerobic capacity in individuals with stroke: a meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007; 335(7626):922.
  245. Kollen, BJ, Lennon, S, Lyons, B, Wheatley-Smith, L, Scheper, M, Buurke, JH, et al. The effectiveness of the Bobath concept in stroke rehabilitation: what is the evidence? Stroke. 2009; 40(4):e89-97.
  246. Moseley, AM, Stark, A, Cameron, ID, Pollock, A. Treadmill training and body weight support for walking after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005; (4):CD002840.
  247. Sullivan, KJ, Brown, DA, Klassen, T, Mulroy, S, Ge, T, Azen, SP, et al. Effects of task-specific locomotor and strength training in adults who were ambulatory after stroke: results of the STEPS randomized clinical trial. Phys Ther. 2007; 87(12):1580-602; discussion 603-7.
  248. Mehrholz, J, Werner, C, Kugler, J, Pohl, M. Electromechanical-assisted training for walking after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007; (4):CD006185.
  249. Woodford H Fau - Price, C, Price, C. EMG biofeedback for the recovery of motor function after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007; (2):CD004585.
  250. Legg, LA, Drummond, AE, Langhorne, P. Occupational therapy for patients with problems in activities of daily living after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006; (4):CD003585.
  251. Warlow, CP. Epidemiology of stroke. Lancet. 1998; 352 Suppl 3:SIII1-4.
  252. Steultjens, EM, Dekker, J, Bouter, LM, van de Nes, JC, Cup, EH, van den Ende, CH. Occupational therapy for stroke patients: a systematic review. Stroke. 2003; 34(3):676-87.
  253. Trombly, CA, Ma, HI. A synthesis of the effects of occupational therapy for persons with stroke, Part I: Restoration of roles, tasks, and activities. Am J Occup Ther. 2002; 56(3):250-9.
  254. Ma, HI, Trombly, CA. A synthesis of the effects of occupational therapy for persons with stroke, Part II: Remediation of impairments. Am J Occup Ther. 2002; 56(3):260-74.
  255. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network - SIGN. Management of patients with stroke. Rehabilitation, prevention and management of complication, and discharge planning. A national clinical guideline. 2002; November.
  256. Widar, M, Samuelsson, L, Karlsson-Tivenius, S, Ahlstrom, G. Long-term pain conditions after a stroke. J Rehabil Med. 2002; 34(4):165-70.
  257. Klit, H, Finnerup, NB, Jensen, TS. Central post-stroke pain: clinical characteristics, pathophysiology, and management. Lancet Neurol. 2009; 8(9):857-68.
  258. Frese, A, Husstedt, IW, Ringelstein, EB, Evers, S. Pharmacologic treatment of central post-stroke pain. Clin J Pain. 2006; 22(3):252-60.
  259. Kumar, B, Kalita, J, Kumar, G, Misra, UK. Central poststroke pain: a review of pathophysiology and treatment. Anesth Analg. 2009; 108(5):1645-57.
  260. Leijon, G, Boivie, J. Central post-stroke pain--a controlled trial of amitriptyline and carbamazepine. Pain. 1989; 36(1):27-36.
  261. Leijon, G, Boivie, J. Central post-stroke pain--the effect of high and low frequency TENS. Pain. 1989; 38(2):187-91.
  262. Bowsher, D. The management of central post-stroke pain. Postgrad Med J. 1995; 71(840):598-604.
  263. Mok, E, Woo, CP. The effects of slow-stroke back massage on anxiety and shoulder pain in elderly. Complement Ther Nurs Midwifery. 2004; 10(4):209-16.
  264. Ada, L, Foongchomcheay, A, Canning, C. Supportive devices for preventing and treating subluxation of the shoulder after. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005; (1):CD003863.
  265. Griffin, A, Bernhardt, J. Strapping the hemiplegic shoulder prevents development of pain during. Clin Rehabil. 2006; 20(4):287-95.
  266. Gustafsson, L, McKenna, K. A programme of static positional stretches does not reduce hemiplegic shoulder. Clin Rehabil. 2006; 20(4):277-86.
  267. Cullberg, J. Kris och utveckling. Tredje upplagan. Stockholm: Natur och Kultur; 1992.
  268. Forsberg-Warleby, G, Moller, A, Blomstrand, C. Spouses of first-ever stroke patients: psychological well-being in the first phase after stroke. Stroke. 2001; 32(7):1646-51.
  269. Forsberg-Warleby, G, Moller, A, Blomstrand, C. Spouses of first-ever stroke patients: their view of the future during the first phase after stroke. Clin Rehabil. 2002; 16(5):506-14.
  270. Brereton, L, Nolan, M. 'Seeking': a key activity for new family carers of stroke survivors. J Clin Nurs. 2002; 11(1):22-31.
  271. Hanger, HC, Wilkinson, TJ. Stroke education: can we rise to the challenge? Age Ageing. 2001; 30(2):113-4.
  272. Thommessen, B, Wyller, TB, Bautz-Holter, E, Laake, K. Acute phase predictors of subsequent psychosocial burden in carers of elderly stroke patients. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2001; 11(3):201-6.
  273. Bakas, T, Austin, JK, Okonkwo, KF, Lewis, RR, Chadwick, L. Needs, concerns, strategies, and advice of stroke caregivers the first 6 months after discharge. J Neurosci Nurs. 2002; 34(5):242-51.
  274. Kalra, L, Evans, A, Perez, I, Melbourn, A, Patel, A, Knapp, M, et al. Training carers of stroke patients: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2004; 328(7448):1099.
  275. Smith, J, Forster, A, House, A, Knapp, P, Wright, J, Young, J. Information provision for stroke patients and their caregivers. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008; (2):CD001919.
  276. Patel, A, Knapp, M, Evans, A, Perez, I, Kalra, L. Training care givers of stroke patients: economic evaluation. Bmj. 2004; 328(7448):1102.
  277. Dennis, M, O'Rourke, S, Slattery, J, Staniforth, T, Warlow, C. Evaluation of a stroke family care worker: results of a randomised controlled. Bmj. 1997; 314(7087):1071-6; discussion 6-7.
  278. Lincoln, NB, Francis, VM, Lilley, SA, Sharma, JC, Summerfield, M. Evaluation of a stroke family support organiser: a randomized controlled trial. Stroke. 2003; 34(1):116-21.
  279. Mant, J, Carter, J, Wade, DT, Winner, S. Family support for stroke: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2000; 356(9232):808-13.
  280. Tilling, K, Coshall, C, McKevitt, C, Daneski, K, Wolfe, C. A family support organiser for stroke patients and their carers: a randomised. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2005; 20(2):85-91.
  281. Forster, A, Young, J. Specialist nurse support for patients with stroke in the community: a randomised. Bmj. 1996; 312(7047):1642-6.
  282. Dowswell, G, Lawler, J, Young, J, Forster, A, Hearn, J. A qualitative study of specialist nurse support for stroke patients and. Clin Rehabil. 1997; 11(4):293-301.
  283. Lilley, SA, Lincoln, NB, Francis, VM. A qualitative study of stroke patients' and carers' perceptions of the stroke. Clin Rehabil. 2003; 17(5):540-7.
  284. Larson, J, Franzen-Dahlin, Å, Billing, E, Arbin, M, Murray, V, Wredling, R. The impact of a nurse-led support and education programme for spouses of stroke. J Clin Nurs. 2005; 14(8):995-1003.
  285. Wilz, G, Barskova, T. Evaluation of a cognitive behavioral group intervention program for spouses of. Behav Res Ther. 2007; 45(10):2508-17.
  286. Hartke, RJ, King, RB. Telephone group intervention for older stroke caregivers. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2003; 9(4):65-81.
  287. Pierce, LL, Steiner, V, Govoni, AL. In-home online support for caregivers of survivors of stroke: a feasibility. Comput Inform Nurs. 2002; 20(4):157-64.
  288. Steiner, V, Pierce, L, Drahuschak, S, Nofziger, E, Buchman, D, Szirony, T. Emotional support, physical help, and health of caregivers of stroke survivors. J Neurosci Nurs. 2008; 40(1):48-54.
  289. Tran, BQ, Buckley, KM, Prandoni, CM. Selection & use of telehealth technology in support of homebound caregivers of. Caring. 2002; 21(3):16-21.
  290. Lutz, BJ, Chumbler, NR, Lyles, T, Hoffman, N, Kobb, R. Testing a home-telehealth programme for US veterans recovering from stroke and. Disabil Rehabil. 2008:1-8.
  291. Buckley, KM, Tran, BQ, Prandoni, CM. Receptiveness, use and acceptance of telehealth by caregivers of stroke patients in the home. Online J Issues Nurs. 2004; 9(3):9.
  292. Socialstyrelsen. Socialstyrelsens riktlinjer för hjärtsjukvård 2004 2004:
  293. Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2002; 360(9326):7-22.
  294. Collins, R, Armitage, J, Parish, S, Sleight, P, Peto, R. Effects of cholesterol-lowering with simvastatin on stroke and other major vascular events in 20536 people with cerebrovascular disease or other high-risk conditions. Lancet. 2004; 363(9411):757-67.
  295. Amarenco, P, Bogousslavsky, J, Callahan, A, 3rd, Goldstein, LB, Hennerici, M, Rudolph, AE, et al. High-dose atorvastatin after stroke or transient ischemic attack. N Engl J Med. 2006; 355(6):549-59.
  296. Sillesen, H, Amarenco, P, Hennerici, MG, Callahan, A, Goldstein, LB, Zivin, J, et al. Atorvastatin reduces the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with carotid atherosclerosis: a secondary analysis of the Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction in Cholesterol Levels (SPARCL) trial. Stroke. 2008; 39(12):3297-302.
  297. O'Regan, C, Wu, P, Arora, P, Perri, D, Mills, EJ. Statin therapy in stroke prevention: a meta-analysis involving 121,000 patients. Am J Med. 2008; 121(1):24-33.
  298. Vergouwen, MD, de Haan, RJ, Vermeulen, M, Roos, YB. Statin treatment and the occurrence of hemorrhagic stroke in patients with a history of cerebrovascular disease. Stroke. 2008; 39(2):497-502.
  299. Diener, HC, Cunha, L, Forbes, C, Sivenius, J, Smets, P, Lowenthal, A. European Stroke Prevention Study. 2. Dipyridamole and acetylsalicylic acid in the secondary prevention of stroke. J Neurol Sci. 1996; 143(1-2):1-13.
  300. Halkes, PH, van Gijn, J, Kappelle, LJ, Koudstaal, PJ, Algra, A. Aspirin plus dipyridamole versus aspirin alone after cerebral ischaemia of arterial origin (ESPRIT): randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2006; 367(9523):1665-73.
  301. Chang, YJ, Ryu, SJ, Lee, TH. Dose titration to reduce dipyridamole-related headache. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2006; 22(4):258-62.
  302. Halkes, PH, Gray, LJ, Bath, PM, Diener, HC, Guiraud-Chaumeil, B, Yatsu, FM, et al. Dipyridamole plus aspirin versus aspirin alone in secondary prevention after TIA or stroke: a meta-analysis by risk. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2008; 79(11):1218-23.
  303. Verro, P, Gorelick, PB, Nguyen, D. Aspirin plus dipyridamole versus aspirin for prevention of vascular events after stroke or TIA: a meta-analysis. Stroke. 2008; 39(4):1358-63.
  304. Diener, HC, Sacco, RL, Yusuf, S, Cotton, D, Ounpuu, S, Lawton, WA, et al. Effects of aspirin plus extended-release dipyridamole versus clopidogrel and telmisartan on disability and cognitive function after recurrent stroke in patients with ischaemic stroke in the Prevention Regimen for Effectively Avoiding Second Strokes (PRoFESS) trial: a double-blind, active and placebo-controlled study. Lancet Neurol. 2008; 7(10):875-84.
  305. Claes, C, Mittendorf, T, Grond, M, von der Schulenburg, JM. [Incremental cost-effectiveness of dipyridamole + acetylsalicylic acid in secondary prevention of ischemic noncardioembolic stroke]. Med Klin (Munich). 2008; 103(11):778-87.
  306. Brown, ea. Canadian Agency for drug and technologies in Health. In: effectiveness; P-o-cMDfl-toAtCaC, editor.: Canadian Agency for drugs and technologies in Health; 2007.
  307. Christensen, TD, Johnsen, SP, Hjortdal, VE, Hasenkam, JM. Self-management of oral anticoagulant therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol. 2007; 118(1):54-61.
  308. Heneghan, C, Alonso-Coello, P, Garcia-Alamino, JM, Perera, R, Meats, E, Glasziou, P. Self-monitoring of oral anticoagulation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2006; 367(9508):404-11.
  309. Kortke, H, Korfer, R. International normalized ratio self-management after mechanical heart valve replacement: is an early start advantageous? Ann Thorac Surg. 2001; 72(1):44-8.
  310. Treatment of urinary incontinence after stroke in adults. 2008; (1):CD004462.
  311. Cina, CS, Clase, CM, Haynes, RB. Carotid endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000; (2):CD001081.
  312. Rothwell, PM, Eliasziw, M, Gutnikov, SA, Fox, AJ, Taylor, DW, Mayberg, MR, et al. Analysis of pooled data from the randomised controlled trials of endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis. Lancet. 2003; 361(9352):107-16.
  313. Naylor, AR, Rothwell, PM, Bell, PR. Overview of the principal results and secondary analyses from the European and North American randomised trials of endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2003; 26(2):115-29.
  314. Rothwell, PM. Preventing stroke in patients with symtomatic carotid stenosis I: Wahlgren, Ahmed, Hårdemark, eds. Update on Stroke Therapy, Karolinska Stroke Update. 2002-2003:45-72.
  315. Johansson, EP, Wester, P. Delay from symptoms to carotid endarterectomy. J Intern Med. 2008; 263(4):404-11.
  316. Bond, R, Rerkasem, K, Rothwell, PM. Systematic review of the risks of carotid endarterectomy in relation to the clinical indication for and timing of surgery. Stroke. 2003; 34(9):2290-301.
  317. Rockman, CB, Maldonado, TS, Jacobowitz, GR, Cayne, NS, Gagne, PJ, Riles, TS. Early carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients is associated with poorer perioperative outcomes. J Vasc Surg. 2006; 44(3):480-7.
  318. Aleksic, M, Rueger, MA, Lehnhardt, FG, Sobesky, J, Matoussevitch, V, Neveling, M, et al. Primary stroke unit treatment followed by very early carotid endarterectomy for carotid artery stenosis after acute stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2006; 22(4):276-81.
  319. Sbarigia, E, Toni, D, Speziale, F, Acconcia, MC, Fiorani, P. Early carotid endarterectomy after ischemic stroke: the results of a prospective multicenter Italian study. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2006; 32(3):229-35.
  320. Rerkasem, K, Rothwell, PM. Systematic review of the operative risks of carotid endarterectomy for recently symptomatic stenosis in relation to the timing of surgery. Stroke. 2009; 40(10):e564-72.
  321. Nussbaum, ES, Heros, RC, Erickson, DL. Cost-effectiveness of carotid endarterectomy. Neurosurgery. 1996; 38(2):237-44.
  322. Michael, KM, Allen, JK, Macko, RF. Reduced ambulatory activity after stroke: the role of balance, gait, and cardiovascular fitness. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2005; 86(8):1552-6.
  323. Grimby, G, Andren, E, Daving, Y, Wright, B. Dependence and perceived difficulty in daily activities in community-living stroke survivors 2 years after stroke: a study of instrumental structures. Stroke. 1998; 29(9):1843-9.
  324. Aziz, NA, Leonardi-Bee, J, Phillips, M, Gladman, JR, Legg, L, Walker, MF. Therapy-based rehabilitation services for patients living at home more than one. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008; (2):CD005952.
  325. van der Lee, JH, Wagenaar, RC, Lankhorst, GJ, Vogelaar, TW, Deville, WL, Bouter, LM. Forced use of the upper extremity in chronic stroke patients: results from a single-blind randomized clinical trial. Stroke. 1999; 30(11):2369-75.
  326. Bourbonnais, D, Bilodeau, S, Lepage, Y, Beaudoin, N, Gravel, D, Forget, R. Effect of force-feedback treatments in patients with chronic motor deficits after a stroke. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2002; 81(12):890-7.
  327. Fasoli, SE, Krebs, HI, Stein, J, Frontera, WR, Hogan, N. Effects of robotic therapy on motor impairment and recovery in chronic stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2003; 84(4):477-82.
  328. Hesse, S, Schulte-Tigges, G, Konrad, M, Bardeleben, A, Werner, C. Robot-assisted arm trainer for the passive and active practice of bilateral forearm and wrist movements in hemiparetic subjects. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2003; 84(6):915-20.
  329. Monger, C, Carr, JH, Fowler, V. Evaluation of a home-based exercise and training programme to improve sit-to-stand in patients with chronic stroke. Clin Rehabil. 2002; 16(4):361-7.
  330. Santos, ME, Farrajota, ML, Castro-Caldas, A, de Sousa, L. Problems of patients with chronic aphasia: different perspectives of husbands and wives? Brain Inj. 1999; 13(1):23-9.
  331. van den Berg, B, Brouwer, W, van Exel, J, Koopmanschap, M, van den Bos, G, Rutten, F. Economic valuation of informal care: Lessons from the application of the opportunity costs and proxy good methods. Social Science & Medicine, online doi:101016/jsocscimed200506046. 2005; 62(4):835-45.
  332. Hulter-Asberg, K, Johansson L. Två år med stroke ur ett anhörig-perspektiv. Socialmedicinsk tidskrift. 2002; (2):147-52.
  333. Johnson, PD. Rural Stroke Caregivers: A qualitative study of the positive and negative response to the caregiver role. Top Stroke Rehabil. 1998; 5(3):51-68.
  334. Han, B, Haley, WE. Family caregiving for patients with stroke. Review and analysis. Stroke. 1999; 30(7):1478-85.
  335. van den Heuvel, ET, de Witte, LP, Schure, LM, Sanderman, R, Meyboom-de Jong, B. Risk factors for burn-out in caregivers of stroke patients, and possibilities for intervention. Clin Rehabil. 2001; 15(6):669-77.
  336. Periard, ME, Ames, BD. Lifestyle changes and coping patterns among caregivers of stroke survivors. Public Health Nurs. 1993; 10(4):252-6.
  337. Kotila, M, Numminen, H, Waltimo, O, Kaste, M. Depression after stroke: results of the FINNSTROKE Study. Stroke. 1998; 29(2):368-72.
  338. Schulz, R, Beach, SR. Caregiving as a risk factor for mortality: the Caregiver Health Effects Study. JAMA. 1999; 282(23):2215-9.
  339. Ericsson, T, Ericsson, E. Medicinska sjukdomar. Specifik omvårdnad, medicinsk behandling, patofysiologi: Studentlitteratur; 2002.
  340. Carnerud, R, Olsson, K. Effekter av CI-Terapi hos patienter som drabbats av stroke: Luleå tekniska universitet, sjukgymnastprogrammet; 2006.
  341. Danielsson, A, Stibrant-Sunnerhagen, K. Muskelfuntion och träning. Stroke - vård, omsorg och rehabilitering. 2007.
  342. Bonaiuti, D, Rebasti, L, Sioli, P. The constraint induced movement therapy: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials on the adult stroke patients. Eura Medicophys. 2007; 43(2):139-46.
  343. Hakkennes, S, Keating, JL. Constraint-induced movement therapy following stroke: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Aust J Physiother. 2005; 51(4):221-31.
  344. Wolf, SL, Winstein, CJ, Miller, JP, Taub, E, Uswatte, G, Morris, D, et al. Effect of constraint-induced movement therapy on upper extremity function 3 to 9 months after stroke: the EXCITE randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2006; 296(17):2095-104.
  345. Brogardh, C, Sjolund, BH. Constraint-induced movement therapy in patients with stroke: a pilot study on effects of small group training and of extended mitt use. Clin Rehabil. 2006; 20(3):218-27.
  346. Taub, E, Uswatte, G, King, DK, Morris, D, Crago, JE, Chatterjee, A. A placebo-controlled trial of constraint-induced movement therapy for upper extremity after stroke. Stroke. 2006; 37(4):1045-9.
  347. Lin, KC, Wu, CY, Wei, TH, Lee, CY, Liu, JS. Effects of modified constraint-induced movement therapy on reach-to-grasp movements and functional performance after chronic stroke: a randomized controlled study. Clin Rehabil. 2007; 21(12):1075-86.
  348. Wu, CY, Lin, KC, Chen, HC, Chen, IH, Hong, WH. Effects of modified constraint-induced movement therapy on movement kinematics and daily function in patients with stroke: a kinematic study of motor control mechanisms. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2007; 21(5):460-6.
  349. van de Port, I, Wood-Dauphinee, S, Lindeman, E, Kwakkel, G. Effects of exercise training programs on walking competency after stroke: a. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2007; 86(11):935-51.
  350. Saunders, DH, Greig, CA, Young, A, Mead, GE. Physical fitness training for stroke patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004; (1):CD003316.
  351. Pang My Fau - Eng, JJ, Eng Jj Fau - Dawson, AS, Dawson As Fau - Gylfadottir, S, Gylfadottir, S. The use of aerobic exercise training in improving aerobic capacity in individuals. Clin Rehabil. 2006; 20(2):97-111.
  352. Macko, RF, DeSouza, CA, Tretter, LD, Silver, KH, Smith, GV, Anderson, PA, et al. Treadmill aerobic exercise training reduces the energy expenditure and cardiovascular demands of hemiparetic gait in chronic stroke patients. A preliminary report. Stroke. 1997; 28(2):326-30.
  353. Macko, RF, Smith, GV, Dobrovolny, CL, Sorkin, JD, Goldberg, AP, Silver, KH. Treadmill training improves fitness reserve in chronic stroke patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2001; 82(7):879-84.
  354. Ouellette, MM, LeBrasseur, NK, Bean, JF, Phillips, E, Stein, J, Frontera, WR, et al. High-intensity resistance training improves muscle strength, self-reported function, and disability in long-term stroke survivors. Stroke. 2004; 35(6):1404-9.
  355. Boysen, G, Krarup, LH, Zeng, X, Oskedra, A, Korv, J, Andersen, G, et al. ExStroke Pilot Trial of the effect of repeated instructions to improve physical activity after ischaemic stroke: a multinational randomised controlled clinical trial. BMJ. 2009; 339:b2810.
  356. Endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis. Executive Committee for the Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study. JAMA. 1995; 273(18):1421-8.
  357. Halliday, A, Mansfield, A, Marro, J, Peto, C, Peto, R, Potter, J, et al. Prevention of disabling and fatal strokes by successful carotid endarterectomy in patients without recent neurological symptoms: randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2004; 363(9420):1491-502.


Kontakt

Fler sidor om